Moghul: Brothers at War

 My bedtime reading has been the second book in Alex Rutherford's series on the Moghul (Mughal) emperors. This one covers the second emperor, Humayun. He was born in 1508 and succeeded his father (Babur) in 1530.

Humayun succeeded Babur as emperor at about 22, when the newly conquered territories were still politically fragile. He faced opposition from his three brothers, particularly Kamran Mirza (just months younger, by a different mother), as well as powerful Afghan rulers. Much of the book is taken up with these struggles, balancing the dying pleas of his father not to kill off his brothers with their continuous disloyalty. 

His most formidable opponent was Sher Shah Suri, an exceptionally capable military and administrative leader. Humayun suffered major defeats against Sher Shah, especially at the Battle of Chausa (1539) and the Battle of Kannauj (1540). He was forced to flee India and spent roughly 15 years in exile. He eventually sought refuge at the court of the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp I of Persia. Persian support, paid for by gifting the Koh-i-Nur diamond, helped him rebuild his military position, although, as with his father, this caused religious difficulties between the two strands of Islamic thought. The Safavid dynasty made Shia Islam the state religion of Persia in 1501. The Mughals were Sunni.

After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545 and the subsequent weakening of the Sur dynasty through civil wars, Humayun gradually regained territory. He also finally resolved the struggles with his brothers. In 1555, he defeated the Sur rulers and re-established Mughal rule in Delhi and Agra. Humayun's restored reign was short. In January 1556, he fell down the stairs of his library at Purana Qila in Delhi and died from his injuries at the age of 47. The initial empire had been recovered, but it would be his son, Akbar, who would expand it.

I love this period and have a large 28mm army that I built for a series of display games. Rutherford writes really well, sticking closely to the historical timeline while inventing some people and events. This is historical fiction, and the fictional bits add to the tension. 

A couple of pictures from our game at the club a couple of weeks ago, using Scourge of Princes, which needs a few rule tweaks for wars in Asia.

Battle of Newburn Ford 1640

 Scourge of Princes by Sam Mustafa is our current favourite rule set. I was thinking about the next game when I saw a posting about the anniversary of this battle on 28 August. As it happens, I was staying nearby on Saturday night, so I decided to take a look first thing on Sunday morning, en route to the Sunderland v Fulham game.

The Battle of Newburn Ford took place on 28 August 1640 during the Second Bishops’ War, part of the wider conflict between King Charles I of England and his Scottish Covenanter opponents. Charles had attempted to impose religious changes on Scotland, provoking resistance from the Scottish Covenanters. After the failure of the First Bishops’ War, Charles raised another English army in 1640. The Scottish army, commanded by Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, supported by Montrose (who at this time was a Covenanter), crossed the River Tweed and invaded northern England. An English force under Lord Conway was sent to stop them at Newburn Ford, near Newcastle. Leslie and Montrose were seeking to bypass the stronger defences north of Newcastle.

The English position was strategically important because the River Tyne provided a natural defensive barrier. Conway placed his troops and artillery on the southern bank, expecting the river crossing to be difficult.

However, the Scottish army was substantially better organised and experienced. On 28 August, after a failed cavalry attack, the Scottish artillery bombarded the English positions while Scottish infantry crossed the Tyne at the ford. The English troops resisted initially, but pressure from Scottish artillery and infantry caused their position to collapse. Conway's army retreated in different directions, abandoning Newcastle to the Scots. George Monck (later a key player in the Restoration) was one of the English commanders, and he did at least keep some discipline.

While the battle itself was relatively small, its consequences were enormous. The Scots gained control of Newcastle, an important centre for England's coal trade. This worsened Charles's cash shortage and exposed his weak military position. So, Charles was forced to negotiate with the Covenanters, and the Treaty of Ripon required England to pay the Scottish army to occupy parts of northern England. To raise the necessary money, Charles was compelled to recall the English Parliament, which became the Long Parliament. A step on the road to the English Civil War of 1642–1651.

The River Tyne at Newburn today is obviously deeper than it was in 1640. I can't say I tried to ford it where the bridge is today, but I wouldn't recommend it!

This is the view from the English side south of the river. You can see the high ground behind, where the Scottish artillery would have been.

This is the Scottish side.

There is a battleboard on the English side. I'm not sure if the mud is wear and tear or an English nationalist!

We didn't need to tweak the rules to play this fairly unusual game. We did allow the Scottish artillery to fire overhead, with an 8" gap requirement. I understand why Sam decided against overhead fire from high ground, presumably because of the accuracy issue at the time. However, the Scots did it here. The movement rules are a bit unusual: there is no distance penalty for moving through difficult ground. Foot and cavalry moving at full pace over a ford didn't feel right. However, it does require two movement points, and you can't shoot from water, so it worked out fine. 

The Scots had a four-to-one advantage in the historical battle. We gave them two-to-one, for playability. It was a tough task getting across the river under fire, but the Scots managed it and eventually won through. 

So, an interesting, little-known clash with broader consequences. And an interesting game, with an excellent set of rules.

Alnwick Castle

 Alnwick Castle is on the Northumberland coast north of Newcastle. I have been there several times, but we always seem to arrive in the late afternoon, so I hadn't been around it before today.

The first castle was built just after the Conquest in 1096 and was captured by the Scots under David I. But it was strengthened when the Percy family took it in 1305, turning Alnwick into a major fortress along the Anglo-Scottish border. The family still lives there; the Duke of Northumberland today, and it is the second-largest lived-in castle in England. Not that they are living in a medieval castle. The interior was modernised in the 19th century. The state rooms are superb (sadly no photos allowed), with a fine collection of paintings and a library with 15,000 books. I like to point this out to my wife!

If it looks familiar, it was a filming location for Harry Potter. I fell asleep during two films when taking my daughter, so I don't remember!

Inside the castle is a small regimental museum of the Northumberland Fusiliers.

And I can usually find a Balkan link in the museums I visit. In this case, there is a 76mm field gun outside, captured from the Bosnian Croats when the regiment was on peacekeeping duties.

The castle has another small room dedicated to the Percy Volunteers, a militia regiment raised to defend the coast during the Napoleonic Wars. Green jackets as well.

The castle also has a gun terrace with artillery.

A very fine castle to visit, with lots of activities. I passed on the Quidditch, but was tempted by the archery. There was also a medieval camp.

The town has an excellent second-hand book store, Bartters Books, in the old station. 

I am staying over near Newcastle tonight, before the football in Sunderland tomorrow, so I stopped off for some tea in Warkworth (another Percy castle), which I have been around. A decent game of cricket was going on just in front.

I am planning a return visit to the Sunderland Air Museum before the game tomorrow afternoon, and a battlefield visit, which I am planning for next week's midweek Scourge of Princes game. The Battle of Newburn Ford was fought in 1640 during the Second Bishops' War. The anniversary was yesterday. It was a rather uneven struggle and a rare Scots victory during the various wars of the period. The Scots even captured Newcastle afterwards.

Arctic Airmen

 Given the thousands of books written about the Second World War, you might think there is nothing new to write about. However, I picked this up at a second-hand bookshop in Sedburgh last month. It is written by a navigator (Ernest Schofield) who flew Catalina flying-boat missions to Spitsbergen and North Russia. 

The Arctic was never an obvious interest to the RAF until Russia joined the war and the northern sea routes became important. Recce flights were challenging until the Catalina flying-boat became available. Nine RAF Coastal Command squadrons and 12 additional overseas squadrons used the aircraft for maritime patrol, anti-submarine warfare, and rescue missions, totalling over 600 aircraft. 

Bases in the Arctic were even more challenging. However, Norway has developed Spitsbergen as a coal mine and had workers used to operating there. The Germans also wanted to operate there, mainly for weather stations. This book covers how the Coastal Command undertook the recce missions and supported the base.

They flew from Sullom Voe, today a bustling oil rig depot, but it was pretty bleak in 1942. Maps were limited, and the pilots had to get naval charts while keeping the missions secret. Navigation over ice flows and the magnetic conditions near the North Pole added to the challenges. Fuel range was at its maximum, and there would be no rescue boats if it went wrong.

The landing at Spitsbergen did not start well. The two ships with their 80 minimally trained Norwegian soldiers were spotted by a Ju88, which brought four Focke-Wulf Kondors down on them, sinking them both. About 60 survived, though they lost much of their equipment and radios. Landing the Catalina on water with ice flows was tricky, and bringing in vital supplies was difficult, as they communicated with Aldis lamps. The Norwegians created two bases, and a small German base was within range, although it was not equipped for offensive operations, which were left to the Luftwaffe. The Germans lost aircraft trying to land at their base.

The book also covers support for the Russian convoys, including operating from North Russia at a Russian Naval Air Service base at Lake Lakhta. Another pretty bleak posting. They did spot one U-boat, but it managed to crash-dive, and the Catalinas weren't equipped with depth charges anyway. The plane was badly damaged in an attack by a Ju-88, and the plane's captain was killed.

I'm not usually a great fan of aerial warfare books, but this is well written and is an interesting story of combat operations in some of the remotest parts of the world.

Spanish galleons

 A rare treat this week in terms of museums, when the Galeón Andalucía visited the Port of Ayr. This replica Spanish galleon, run by the not-for-profit organisation Nao Victoria Foundation, was built in 2009 and is manned by Spanish Navy cadets.

The Spanish galleon was a large sailing ship used by Spain during the 17th century for trade, exploration, and warfare. Built mainly from strong oak, galleons had several masts, large square sails, and high raised decks at the front and back. They were designed to carry valuable cargo such as gold, silver, spices, and other goods between Spain and its colonies. Galleons were also heavily armed to protect themselves from pirates and enemy ships. These ships played an important role in the Spanish Empire and were a key part of Spain’s naval power during the 17th century.

The ship carries a fine collection of cannons, with an explanation of the different types and the cannonballs they fired.

I was surprised by how many crew and passengers it could hold. It could hold 150 people, including 60 crew, along with animals and food to feed them. That averages 1.5 m² per person. That's pretty crowded, unless you were the captain who had decent quarters.

The ship is an excellent floating museum and has received good reviews from everyone who has visited. I didn't think I had used galleons on the wargames table, but then I remembered a box I recently moved that has some rather battered small-scale galleon models. I can't remember why I got them, but I suspect it was back in DBR days when you had smaller-scale ships on the table.

Greek-Americans during the Balkan Wars

 This is Peter Giakoumis's research into Americans of Greek origin who returned to Greece to fight in the Greek military during the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. The author's approach is somewhat unusual: the book is less an analysis of the subject and more a collection of newspaper reports. These are at least contemporary, although they inevitably have some challenges. US newspapers report what they see: Greek Americans gathering and supporting the war. There is also the question of bias. US newspapers uniformly broadly supported the Greek position and make no real effort to look objectively at the struggle. That doesn't make it without value, but it has to be read in that context.

The Balkan Wars were initiated by the Balkan League, a coalition of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro.  They wanted to expand their territories at the expense of the weakening Ottoman Empire, which still controlled much of the Balkans. They also wanted to gain territory populated by their own ethnic or religious groups. The First Balkan War was an outright victory for the League, which drove the Ottomans out of most of Europe. However, ethnic nationalism is rarely tidy, and the coalition fell apart over areas where two or more nations had populations. Bulgaria was particularly incensed over areas like Macedonia and started the Second Balkan War. They were defeated, and this also allowed the Ottomans to recover some of the ground in Thrace that they lost to the Bulgarians. Ethnic cleansing was a consequence, and the methods of warfare pre-dated much of what would happen in 1914.

At the end of the 19th century, Greece was in economic chaos, and the state was in financial ruin. This was not helped by a failed war against the Ottomans in 1897. As a consequence, many Greeks emigrated to the USA and established well-organised communities, including the Greek Orthodox Church, societies and newspapers. This provided an important source of income to families back in Greece, around $3-4m per year. As the Greek state prepared for war, it called on reservists who had emigrated to return to the army and navy. This wasn't a general call for men; the Greek military wanted trained soldiers, although many turned up without prior experience. The exact numbers who returned aren't known, but estimates range from 45,000 to 57,000. Some claim this could have been up to one-third of the army. They fought in their own units and in line regiments, and a few Greeks serving the US military were given leave to return.

Just as important was the financial support from the Greek community in the USA. They collected donations for military equipment, medicine, food and support for soldiers and their families. The author also covers some of the Philhellenes, who contributed to the Greek military during the conflict.

There is no doubt that Greeks in America made a significant contribution to the outcome. Many left established jobs, mostly at their own cost, to fight in a war that resulted in nearly 10,000 Greek soldiers being killed and another 28,000 wounded. Their bravery and commitment were beyond doubt, as many had no real obligation to return and fight.

This book covers a subject that hasn't been covered in any detail before. The research into US newspapers is also impressive. The difficulty for the reader is that these reports are not analysed for themes or, indeed, accuracy. There isn't a narrative flow, which makes it a challenging read. Excellent as a source of data, but not an approach for the general reader.

Some of my 28mm Greek infantry of the period. 

Kadesh 1286 BC

 This new Osprey by Anthony Spalinger is a bit outside my normal scope, but I got sucked in after visiting the wonderful British Museum exhibition about the Assyrians, and built an army in 15mm. This book covers the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II's invasion of Syria, contested by the Hittite king Muwatalli II near the city of Kadesh in modern Syria. Dates for the battle are contested.

Ramesses II marched into Syria with a large Egyptian army divided into several divisions. He received false information suggesting that the Hittite army was far away. In reality, Muwatalli had hidden his forces nearby. The Hittites launched a surprise attack on the Egyptian Ra division, badly disrupting the Egyptians. Ramesses rallied his remaining troops and counterattacked, preventing the Egyptian army from being destroyed. The battle ended without a clear decisive victory. Both sides claimed success, and the Egyptians portrayed Ramesses as a heroic victor in inscriptions and temple reliefs.

This book is in the Campaign series, which starts with a brief background and then the commanders. Ramesses II was an experienced commander, having fought off the Sea Peoples. Muwatalli appears to have had less experience but was trained for war at an early age. This is probably the shortest commander chapter I have seen in this series, as we don't know much about other commanders. The author takes us through the historical sources, pictorial and written. 

Next, we have the opposing forces. The Egyptians probably had around 20,000 to 25,000 men in four divisions, although we don't know the breakdown between troop types, which would have included chariots, archers and infantry. The Hittites were a coalition of forces, and we have lots of names, but their roles are unclear. The possible manoeuvres are described, in an effort to untangle the sources. Chariots had three crew members and were a mobile platform for firing rather than battle chariots. As you would expect, the book includes fine maps and colour plates, as well as pictures of the remaining pictorial evidence. 

The author describes the various stages of the battle, which went back and forth between both sides. The conclusion is that the Hittites were pushed off the battlefield but were not dislodged, remaining in control of Kadesh. The second day's fighting is unclear, other than that the Hittites came again, there was some fighting, probably at a lower level, and peace of sorts was agreed. Nothing had changed strategically, and the Hittites, while unable to defeat the Egyptians, also retained control of Kadesh. The conflict continued into the future, but Egyptian imperialism into Syria had failed.

If all of this sounds complicated and unclear - well, it is. The author has done his best with the available sources and explained his conclusions. If chariots are your thing, then this is essential reading.

I haven't got either army, but I do have a rather nice 15mm Assyrian army, with decent-sized chariots.

Bane of Bernicia

 My bedtime reading is Matthew Harrfy's latest book (number 11) in his Bernicia Chronicles series. This follows the story of Beobrand, a fighting warlord with his Black Shield followers. After his excursion to Europe in the last book, he is back home defending his land from the Picts.

While this is historical fiction, Bernicia is not a fantasy setting. The Anglo-Saxon territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, and Durham, as well as the Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian, stretching from the Forth to the Tees. It also controlled Deira during this period.

This book takes place during the rule of King Oswiu (642-670). At this stage, he is struggling to hold back Penda, the pagan King of the Mercians. Peace is bought through marriages, but Penda is pushing to open the door to greater control. Oswiu's son Ealhfrith married Penda's daughter Cyneburh, while his daughter Ealhflæd married Penda's son Peada. Oswiu gets a better write-up in the limited historical documents, probably because of his support for Christianity, than Harrfy gives him. However, these were tough times, and Kings had to be ruthless. 

Beobrand's land is to the north of the kingdom, facing the Picts. They had lost the land he held and wanted it back. They raided the territory constantly.

I won't spoil the plot, but as you would expect, there is plenty of action, including the usual climactic battle. However, there is a bit more retrospection in this book, as Beobrand is getting older. The author reminded me that he is not that old, in his 30s, but Beobrand does mention his age quite often. Thankfully, there will be more books, and there is plenty of history to come. Oswiu goes on to become the dominant king in England, and although Beobrand has a habit of going his own way, Oswiu will need his battle skills to get there.

I have been testing Pillage as a skirmish game, and this book is a great basis for those skirmish rules. We did a skirmish game against the Picts this week.